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The Southern African Development Community (SADC) commissioned the preparation of this technical report on Defining and Mainstreaming Environmental Sustainability in Water Resources Management in Southern Africa to contribute to the public policy discourse and to support the development of practical approaches for the integration of environmental quality objectives in the planning and management of the water sector.

The report addresses a key SADC objective, “to achieve sustainable utilization of natural resources and effective protection of the environment”, and supports the integration of environmental quality objectives into the implementation of the SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses and the Regional Strategic Action Plan (RSAP) for Integrated Water Resources Development and Management in the SADC Countries (1999-2004). This technical report is also a SADC contribution to the United Nation’s World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg in August 2002 and to the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD).


PREFACE
Preface

AUTHORS
Authors

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Acknowledgements

ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT : A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Introduction
Objectives of this technical report
Key water resouces issues
Conceptual framework for sustainability
Challenges to sustainable management of water resources
Opportunities to build upon
An overview of other parts of the report
References

WATER AND THE ECONOMY
Overview
Freshwater resources
Sectoral uses of water
Water management challenges
Implications for economic development
Summary
References

THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Introduction
Definition of aquatic ecosystems
Sustainable management of water resources
Important southern African aquatic ecosystems
Key threats to the sustainability of water resources
National, regional and international initiatives for the conservation and management of aquatic ecosystems
Recommendations for water policy
Annex to chapter 3
References

VALUING THE ENVIRONMENT IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Introduction
The economic benefits of water use
The economic trade-offs
The causes of aquatic ecosystem degradation
Valuing environmental damage
Impacts of environmental degradation on water supply
The value of aquatic ecosystems and costs of their degradation
Accounting for environmental degradation in decision making
Economic instruments to regulate water use
References

ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS : REQUIREMENTS AND ASSESSMENT
Introduction
The need for water to maintain rivers
Effects of the regulation of rivers in SADC
Environmental flows as a response to impacts of river regulation
The scope and detail of an environmental flow assessment
Environmental flow assessment methodologies currently available
Implications for a sound water policy
Challenges facing SADC with respect to environmental flow requirements
Conclusion
References

WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CONTROL
Introduction
Water quality requirements for various uses of water
Natural factors that impact on water quality
Sources of pollution
Sources of pollution -- continued
Consequences of pollution
Evaluation of water pollution control and management
Water quality management policy options
Recommended approaches to water quality management
Conclusion
Annex to chapter 6
References

WATERSHED DEGRADATION AND MANAGEMENT
Introduction
Natural vegetation cover in southern Africa
Anthropogenic causes of watershed degradation
Extent and severity of degraded watersheds
Ecological impacts of watershed degradation
Watershed management
Recommendations for a sound water policy
References

AQUATIC WEEDS AND THEIR CONTROL
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Aquatic weeds, their origin and occurrence in southern Africa
Factors influencing the growth and spread of aquatic weeds
Problems caused by aquatic weeds
Use of aquatic weeds
Comparison of methods for controlling aquatic weeds
Some selected southern African case studies
Recommendations for the effective management of aquatic weeds
References

COMMUNITY-BASED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Rationale for promoting community-based management
Case studies of community-based water resources management
Case studies of community-based water resources management -- continued
Lessons learned
Conclusion and recommendations
References

POLICY, LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
Introduction
Evaluation of policy and legislation frameworks
Evaluation of regulatory controls for protection of water resources
Evaluation of regulatory controls for protection of water resources -- continued
Evaluation of national institutions
Evaluation of regional institutions
Elements of environmentally sound water resources management policy
References

A FRAMEWORK FOR MAINSTREAMING THE ENVIRONMENT IN WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
Introduction
Key lessons emerging from preceding chapters
A framework for action
Conclusion

ANNEX 1
Glossary

ANNEX 2
Participants at Review Workshop, Harare, 28-29 October 1999

LIST OF TABLES
List of Tables

LIST OF FIGURES
List of Figures

LIST OF BOXES
List of Boxes

LIST OF MAPS
List of Maps

ACCRONYMS
Abbreviations

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